SIDE  LIGHTS 

From  a Missionary 


“If  imitation  is  the  sincerest  form  of 
flattery  we  have  certainly  been  highly  flat- 
tered by  the  recent  order  that  has  gone 
forth  from  one  of  the  Hongwanji  Temples 
in  Kyoto.  It  is  reported  that  the  Lord 
Abbot  has  ordered  as  a measure  com- 
memorative of  the  Coronation,  that  Sunday 
Schools  be  organized  in  all  temples  of  the 
sect  throughout  the  country.  The  writer 
has  it  from  a prominent  Japanese  minister 
in  Tokyo  that  a deputation  of  priests  ap- 
peared at  the  Mombusho  a short  time  ago, 
informed  the  officials  of  their  project  and 
sought  advice  as  to  the  organization  and 
conduct  of  such  schools.  The  astonished 
officials  informed  them  that  they  had  had 
really  no  experience  in  the  conduct  of 
Sunday  Schools  and  advised  them  to  con- 
sult “Yaso”  (the  Christian  Sect)  as  the 
only  body  doing  extensive  work  in  that 
line.  That  the  work  is  intended  to  be  per- 
manent and  thoroughgoing  from  the  very 
first  is  evidenced  by  the  fact  that  the  num- 
ber of  scholars  admitted  is  to  be  limited 
to  twenty  for  the  first  year.” 


OUR  WORK  WITH  CHRIST 
IN  JAPAN 

By  Secretary  Robert  E.  Speer  on 
His  Recent  V^isit 

Externally  there  were  fewer  changes 
in  Japan  than  I had  anticipated.  The 
railroad  stations  and  the  railroad  cars  are 
just  about  as  they  were.  There  has  not 
been  a fraction  of  the  architectural 
change  that  there  has  been  in  New  York 
and  many  an  American  town.  I saw  no 
such  outward  changes  as  one  sees  all 
over  our  country,  but  inwardly  there  has 
been  a great  change  and  in  nothing 
more  than  in  the  place  and  influence  of 
Christianity.  Eighteen  years  ago  when 
I was  here,  audiences  were  small,  the 
government  schools  were  closed  to 
Christianity,  the  churches  were  shabby 
and  forms  of  worship  ragged,  and  the 
temper  of  the  nation  was  distinctly  anti- 
Christian.  Now  great  congregations 
come  to  hear  the  preaching.  Worship 
has  grown  far  more  fervent.  The  nation 
openly  confesses  its  need  of  religion. 

Thanks  to  the  foresight  and  the 
Christian  spirit  and  judgment  of  men 
like  Thompson  and  Hepburn  and  Ballagh 
and  Brown  and  Verbeck  the  work  of 
all  the  Presbyterian  and  Reformed 
churches  in  Japan  is  one  work  with  a 
thorough  understanding  as  to  territorial 
occupation  and  with  some  real  unity  of 


plan  in  the  institutional  work  of  the  mis- 
sion. The  absolute  union  of  all  the  fruit- 
age of  the  missions  in  the  Nihon  Kiri- 
suto  Kyokai,  or  the  Church  of  Christ  in 
Japan,  and  the  trust  which  the  missions 
have  one  of  another  make  it  possible  to 
interlace  their  work  without  too  sharp 
territorial  divisions.  The  islands  of 
Kyushu  and  Shikoku  are  cared  for  re- 
spectively by  the  Dutch  Reformed  and 
Southern  Presbyterian  missions  although 
we  have  a station  on  Shikoku  at  J^Iat- 
suyama  across  the  Inland  Sea  from 
Hiroshima.  IMost  of  our  work,  how- 
ever, is  on  the  main  Island  of  Hondo 
from  Tokyo  southward.  North  of 
Tokyo  the  German  Reformed  mission 
carries  on  its  strong  work  in  Sendai  as 
a center,  and  north  of  that  are  further 
stations  of  the  Dutch  Reformed  mission, 
and  then  on  the  northern  island  of  the 
Hokkaido  our  own  missionaries  are 
found  again  in  this  frontier  and  pioneer 
section  of  Japan. 

Clear  across  on  the  opposite  coast  of 
Japan  in  the  most  stubborn  and  conserv- 
ative Buddhist  section  of  the  country 
are  our  two  stations  of  Kanazawa  and 
Fukui.  In  spite  of  such  opposition, 
however,  and  though  the  rain  was  falling 
steadily,  we  met  a little  church  full  6i 
some  of  the  best  people  in  Fukui  on  a 
weekday  afternoon  and  in  the  evening 
saw  the  evangelistic  tent  full  of  men  and 
women,  boys  and  girls  who  listened  for 

4 


5 


Ononiiclii  Christians 


nearly  three  hours  to  the  songs  and  ad- 
dresses, one  of  which  was  made  by  a 
converted  Buddhist  priest  who  told  of 
the  tenacious  way  in  which  Christians 
had  followed  him  until  he  had  been  won 
to  their  faith  and  who  set  forth  with 
unique  power  the  ability  of  Christ  to  -do 
what  he  had  found  Buddhism  impotent 
to  accomplish  for  his  life. 

Between  these  east  coast  and  west 
coast  stations  and  on  the  main  line 
north  from  Osaka  to  Tokyo,  is  the  re- 
markable work  in  the  old  city  of  Kyoto 
which  contains  the  most  famous  and 
beautiful  Buddhist  temples  in  the 
country.  Unlike  other  Japanese  cities, 
Kyoto  is  laid  out  with  great  regularity 
and  the  late  Mr.  Gorbold  like  a military 
strategist,  planted  churches  and  chapels 
in  different  sections  of  the  city  succeed- 
ing by  God’s  grace  in  filling  the  work 
with  a spirit  of  courage  and  hope  that  is 
beyond  praise.  In  the  evening  the  Yo- 
shida  church  adjoining  the  University 
was  packed  to  the  doors  and  to  the  roof 
with  students  at  a simple  evangelistic 
meeting.  One  of  the  chapels  is  planted 
right  under  the  eaves  of  the  greatest 
Buddhist  temple  in  Japan,  with  the  am- 
bition filling  the  heart  of  its  young 
evangelist  to  build  here  a Christian 
church. 

At  the  extreme  southwestern  corner 
of  the  main  island  of  Japan  is  our  new 
station  of  Shimonoseki.  Here  on  a 

G 


beautiful  site  overlooking  the  bay  and 
visible  from  all  the  steamers  passing 
through,  stands  the  beautiful  new  girls’ 
school  formed  by  the  union  and  transfer 
of  Sturges  Seminary  of  the  Reformed 
church  in  Nagasaki  and  our  own  girls’ 
school  in  Yamaguchi.  East  of  Shimono- 
seki  along  the  northern  coast  of  the  In- 
land Sea  are  our  evangelistic  stations  of 
Yamaguchi,  Hiroshima  and  Kure  with 
millions  of  people  in  these  provinces,  or 
ken,  entirely  accessible  in  the  towns  and 
country  villages  and  offering  as  attractive 
and  appealing  a field  as  a young  man  can 
find  anywhere  for  the  richest  use  of  his 
life. 

Turning  north  at  Kobe,  where  the 
southern  Presbyterians  have  a useful 
training  school  for  preachers  and  where 
the  Congregationalists  have  a fine  insti- 
tution for  women  and  the  Canadian  and 
southern  ^Methodists,  in  union,  one  of  the 
best  educational  institutions  in  Japan  for 
young  men,  one  comes  to  Osaka,  the 
great  manufacturing  city  of  Japan  with 
its  factory  conditions  and  industrial 
])roblems  rivaling  those  of  our  congested 
western  factory  communities.  Through 
the  student-evangelists,  and  half  a dozen 
churches  with  their  own  pastors,  and 
many  preaching  places  taking  advantage 
of  every  special  occasion  and  oppor- 
tunity, a wide-reaching  evangelistic  work 
is  done.  East  of  Osaka  and  south,  the 
]>eninsula  of  Ise  and  Wakayama  juts  out 

7 


8 


Tenohors  and  Sludents  of  Traitiini;  School  for  Evan.u'c lists.  Osaka 


into  the  sea.  On  the  west  side  of  the 
peninsula  at  Wakayama  and  Tanabe,  and 
on  the  east  side  at  Yamada  and  Tsu, 
our  missionaries  are  the  only  represen- 
tatives of  any  Christian  church.  Ya- 
mada is  the  seat  of  the  great  Shinto 
shrines  with  their  worship  of  the  Im- 
perial ancestors  and  near  Wakayama  is 
one  of  the  great  Buddhist  training 
schools  where  Dr.  Hail  is  always  wel- 
come to  preach,  where  the  priests  them- 
selves have  set  up  a copy  of  the  Nestor- 
ian  tablet  from  China,  and  where  in 
many  ways  Christianity  is  subtly  in- 
fluencing the  Buddhist  priesthood  in  one 
of  its  greatest  centers.  At  Tsu  we  were 
glad  to  meet  a young  public  school 
teacher  who,  a year  or  two  ago  of  his 
own  accord  and  out  of  the  overflowing 
joy  of  his  heart,  had  written  to  the 
Board  to  thank  it  for  having  been  the 
means  of  sending  to  Japan  a religion 
which  had  meant  so  much  to  him. 

The  largest  center  of  our  mission  work 
in  Japan  is  naturally  in  Tokyo.  Here  is 
the  Meiji  Gakuin,  our  union  school  and 
theological  seminary  carried  on  in  co- 
operation with  the  Dutch  Reformed  mis- 
sion and  shared  now  in  part  by  the 
northern  Baptists.  In  Tokyo  also  is  our 
largest  school  for  girls,  the  Joshi  Gakuin, 
whose  close  relations  with  the  evan- 
gelistic life  and  work  of  the  churches  has 
given  it  a warm  place  in  the  hearts  of 
Japanese  Christians.  Tokyo  is  an  im- 

9 


mense,  distended  type  of  city  full  of 
little  hills  and  hollows  with  perceptible 
differences  of  social  and  economic  con- 
ditions. There  is  not  the  same  concen- 
tration in  a few  sharply  marked  areas 
that  one  finds  in  a western  city.  There  is 
gain  in  this.  The  Christian  churches  find 
more  spots  where  they  can  take  rootage 
and  it  is  most  encouraging  in  riding 
about  through  Tokyo  to  see  how  wide- 
spread the  tendrils  of  Christianity  are. 

In  the  far  north  of  Japan,  in  the  Hok- 
kaido, are  the  stations  of  Sapporo,  Otaru 
and  Xokkeushi  far  up  at  almost  the  ex- 
treme end  of  the  island.  Here  is  a new 
population  made  up  in  large  part  of  the 
pioneering  immigrant  class  with  their 
characteristic  openness  of  mind  and  free- 
dom from  change.  Here  amid  the  heavy 
snows  of  winter,  the  glories  of  summer 
times  like  the  summers  of  iMaine,  and 
the  richness  of  autumn  colors  rivalling 
the  best  beauty  of  our  woods  at  home  ; 
and  among  people  needing  all  that  Christ 
can  do  for  them  and  awakening  to  the 
needs,  we  have  a little  group  of  mission- 
aries singularly  adapted  and  devoted  for 
just  such  service. 

We  left  Japan  just  on  the  eve 
of  the  coronation  ceremonies.  It  was  a 
great  time  for  Japan  and  the  people  are 
filled  with  a just  and  earnest  sense  of 
its  significance.  How  long  must  it  be  be- 
fore Japan  is  ready  for  another  corona- 
tion, ior  the  recognition  of  another  King- 
10 


11 


School  Bnikliugs,  Hokurika  Jo  Gakko  Kanazawa,  Japan 


ship  which  gives  to  every  earthly  ruler 
who  acknowledges  it,  a new  honor  and 
power?  If  the  day  of  this  other  crown- 
ing is  long  delayed  whom  will  He  who 
waits  hold  responsible? 


THE  RESULT  OF  A 
SMALL  ACT 

One  evening  as  the  missionaries  con- 
nected with  the  Girls’  School  in  Kana- 
zawa were  eating  dinner  a young 
Japanese  gentleman  called  and  asked  to 
see  the  Principal,  as  he  had  important 
business  to  consult  her  about.  He  was 
invited  in,  and  this  was  his  request: 

A well-to-do  man  of  our  city,  not  a 
Christian, , had  felt  sorry  for  quite  a 
number  of  the  very  poor  children  and 
some  of  the  older  people.  He  had  taken 
them  to  his  owm  small  farm  home  and 
cared  for  them.  He  called  this  home 
wdiich  he  provided  for  them  an  orphan- 
age. He  had  used  up  about  all  of  his 
own  personal  funds  and  then  he  applied 
to  the  city  officials  asking  them  to  take 
over  this  work  and  have  wdiat  w^ould  be 
termed  a “Poor  Farm”  in  our  country, 
paid  for  out  of  the  city’s  funds.  The 
officials  said  they  had  no  funds  for  this 
and  could  not  do  it. 

Then  he  talked  the  matter  over  with 
certain  friends  and  they  decided  to  try 
and  get  up  a musicale  and  help  out  this 
way. 

He  had  applied  to  the  young  man  who 
was  telling  the  story  and  he  had  promised 
to  help  him  all  he  could.  This  young 
man  was  the  leader  of  the  Kanazawa 
band.  He  had  come  to  the  school  to  ask 
if  the  foreigners — a community  of  about 
13 


seventeen  of  us — would  help  them  by 
singing  an  English  song  for  them. 

The  missionaries  agreed  to  think  the 
matter  over  and  give  him  an  answer  in 
a few  days.  In  the  days  intervening 
many  and  varied  conferences  were  held 
among  us  as  we  had  Germans,  English, 
Canadians  and  Americans  among  the 
number,  the  majority  of  whom  said  they 
could  not  sing.  Some  objected  because 
we  knew  nothing  of  this  young  man  and 
they  were  afraid  the  musicale  might  have 
some  objectionable  numbers.  We  finally 
decided  to  ask  him  for  a list  of  the  songs 
that  the  Japanese  singers  were  going  to 
sing  so  we  could  be  sure  everything  was 
all  right.  Being  assured  on  this  point 
we  consented  to  do  it  and  he  seemed  very 
much  pleased. 

The  night  finally  arrived;  we  took  the 
girls  of  the  school  who  wanted  to  go  to 
the  musicale  over  to  the  hall  about  five 
o'clock.  A musicale,  theatre,  “movie”  or 
anything  in  the  line  of  entertainment  is 
from  five  to  seven  hours  long,  usually, 
and  so  the  girls  wanted  to  go  early.  We 
“singers”  decided  to  go  about  eight 
o'clock  as  our  part  on  the  program  was 
about  that  time  as  nearly  as  we  could  cal- 
culate and  we  did  not  want  to  sit  there 
so  long. 

Alien  we  reached  the  hall  we  were  es- 
corted into  a small  waiting  room  until 
all  the  rest  of  our  “singers”  should  ar- 
rive. We  found  all  arrangements  made 

14 


for  us  to  smoke  a cigarette  or  pipe  as  we 
should  choose,  if  we  cared  to.  At  the 
close  of  that  number  we  were  all  escorted 
into  the  room  ‘^en  masse,”  and  up  in 
front  of  the  crowd  were  chairs  placed 
for  us  to  sit  on,  facing  the  great  crowd 
of  Japanese  who  were  all  sitting  on  the 
door.  At  the  proper  time  we  took  our 
place  on  the  program.  When  a piano 
solo  was  to  be  played  by  one  of  the  mis- 
sionaries, Miss  L.,  who  was  sitting  on 
her  feet,  on  the  floor,  with  the  girls,  very 
near  to  the  ]3iano,  noticed  the  instrument 
had  not  been  opened,  so  she  got  up  and 
opened  it,  then  sat  down  on  the  floor 
again.  This  was  done  in  a natural  quiet 
way.  The  band  leader  noticed  it  but 
said  nothing. 

xA.fter  the  entertainment  was  over,  one 
of  the  missionaries  who  understands  the 
Japanese  language  well,  was  asked  if 
everything  had  been  all  right.  He  re- 
])lie(l : am  so  glad  we  went.  We  would 

have  made  a terrible  blunder  if  we  had 
refused  to  have  anything  to  do  with  it, 
for  as  far  as  I could  understand  the 
songs  were  all  of  a patriotic  nature  and 
you  know  what  that  means  to  a Japanese. 
Yes,  everything  was  very  good.”  Some 
time  after  this  the  young  l)and  leader 
began  attending  the  English  Bible  Class 
at  the  little  church.  In  time  he  became  a 
Christian  and  was  baptized. 

Some  four  or  five  years  after  this 
musical  Miss  Luther  was  coming  back  to 

15 


America  for  her  furlough.  She  was  sick 
and  it  seemed  doubtful  as  to  whether  she 
would  get  back  to  Japan  or  not.  The 
night  before  she  was  to  start  home  this 
same  young  Japanese  came  in  our  gate 
while  we  were  at  supper.  He  called  for 
Hiss  L.  and  presented  her  with  a beau- 
tiful farewell  gift  which  is  another  cus- 
tom of  theirs  when  anyone  is  going  on 
a long  journey.  While  talking  with  her 
he  said : 

“Sensie,” — a title  of  love  and  respect 
they  use  very  often — “you  are  going 
away  and  I may  never  see  you  again  and 
I want  to  tell  you  something.  You  re- 
member the  first  time  I met  you  was  in 
connection  with  that  musicale?  Do  you 
remember  on  the  night  of  the  musicale 
when  you  got  up  and  opened  the  piano? 
No?  Well  you  did,  and  when  you  did 
that  I thought  to  myself,  She  is  a 
Christian,  I wonder  if’  that  is  why  she 
did  that ; I will  watch  her  and  see.  That 
small  act  made  me  want  to  study  Chris- 
tianity and  as  a result  of  it  I am  now  a 
Christian.” 

This  young  man  was  the  “point  of 
contact”  for  several  others.  I can’t  say 
how  many  have  become  Christians 
through  his  influence  but  I know  of 
several.  This  short  story  will  give  you 
some  slight  idea  as  to  how  every  small 
thing  counts  for  or  against  our  religion 
in  the  lands  where  the  people  have  to 
read  the  Christian’s  life  because  they 


never  have  had  the  Bible  to  read  and  we 
stand  as  His  representatives. 

K.  Anna  Gibbons. 


statue  of  Kauazawa  Hero,  in  Kanazawa  Park 

17 


THE  GOSPEL  OF 
COMFORT 

Two  young  men  and  one  young  woman 
wlio  have  recently  been  baptized  in  the 
town  of  Iwade,  were  led  to  Christ 
through  the  preaching  of  Mr.  Kodama. 
After  the  baptisms  the  first  communion 
service  ever  held  in  this  little  town  was 
celebrated.  After  the  celebration  we 
called  on  a Christian  woman  who  is  dy^ 
ing  with  consumption  and  administered 
the  sacrament  to  her  also.  Through  this 
woman,  i\Ir.  Kodama  was  called  to 
preach  the  Gospel  in  Arakawa  where 
there  have  been  three  baptisms.  A 
physician  in  the  Red  Cross  Hospital 
where  this  woman  was  lying  ill,  had  also 
through  her  efforts  been  brought  to 
Christ.  This  is  the  story: 

This  doctor — aged  thirty-one  years — 
was  the  head  of  the  medical  staff  in  the 
Red  Cross  Hospital,  his  own  specialty 
being  eye  diseases.  He  had  his  office  just 
across  the  road  from  the  Hospital  build- 
ing. He  was,  however,  a victim  of  con- 
sumption and  grew  steadily  worse,  finally 
making  up  his  mind  that  the  only  thing 
he  could  do  was  to  wait  for  death.  But 
he  was  not  ready  to  die  and  did  not  know 
^vhere  to  get  information  which  would 
prepare  him.  While  he  was  in  this  state 
of  mind,  I went  one  day  in  company  with 
a fellow  missionary  who  was  visiting 
WAkayama,  to  visit  ■Mrs.  ^latsuyama, 
18 


the  woman  mentioned  above.  The 
physician  saw  ns  go  and  inquired  who  we 
were.  When  told  that  we  were  Christian 
missionaries  and  were  visiting  Mrs. 
iMatsnyama,  he  called  on  her  himself. 
She  told  him  she  was  a Christian  and  of 
her  hope  of  glory.  He  then  told  her  he 
himself  was  waiting  to  die  bnt  had  no 
hope  and  did  not  know  where  to  turn  for 
instruction.  Mrs.  M.  told  him  how  to 
find  Christ  and  gave  him  some  books 
and  told  him  to  read  them  carefully  and 
continually.  He  did  this  and  through 
the  books  and  the  conversation  of  the 
woman  he  found  the  Saviour. 

When  he  died  his  mother  came  to  iMrs. 
M. — and  with  tears  in  her  eyes  thanked 
her  for  giving  her  son  the  books.  “For,” 
said  she,  “my  son  had  a whole  library  of 
books  and  he  was  a scholar,  but  there 
was  not  a book  in  all  his  library  that 
could  give  him  any  peace  when  he  knew 
he  had  to  die.  Bnt  the  books  you  gave 
bim  and  told  bim  to  read,  he  did  read,  and 
found  comfort  and  peace.  I have  put 
the  books  in  his  coffin  to  be  buried  with 
him.” 

The  mother  was  not  a Christian  and 
she  buried  the  books  with  him  thinking 
he  would  need  them  to  guide  him  on  the 
untried  way  in  which  he  was  going. 

As  we  visited  this  woman  we  talked 
with  her  of  the  place  where  she  was 
going.  We  asked  her  to  read  in  her  Tes- 
tament Phillipians  i ’.21-24,  which  she 
10 


(lid.  She  said,  ‘‘I  know  that  I must  die. 
My  only  anxiety  to  now  has  been  for 
those  whom  I must  leave  behind.  I have 
been  anxious  for  my  mother  and  hus- 
band. But  since  the  New  Year  began  I 
have  left  them  to  God  for  I know  that  he 
will  do  what  is  right  and  now  without  a 
care  I am  waiting  for  the  call  of  my 
.Saviour.”  I wondered  as  we  left  her  if 
J\lr.  Kodama  did  not  feel  this  was  a rich 
reward  for  his  effort  for  this  soul. 

J.  B.  Hail. 


20 


REINFORCEMENTS 

NEEDED 

The  ranks  of  the  missionary  force  in 
Japan  have  recently  been  depleted  by  the 
death  of  three  of  its  strong  men  and  the 
resignation  of  two  others.  Of  those  who 
have  passed  on,  the  Rev.  David  Thomp- 
son, D.D.,  was  53  years  in  service;  Mr. 
iMac  Nair,  32  years  and  Mr.  Gorbold, 
10  years. 

Of  the  remaining  75  missionaries,  33 
have  been  in  Japan  over  25  years  and  19 
have  been  there  over  30  years. 

THERE  IS  NEED  of  STRONG 
REINFORCEMENTS ! 

Dr.  Thompson  went  to  Japan  in  1862 
and  his  missionary  life  covered  the  whole 
history  of  modern  Japan,  the  develo])- 
ment  of  missions,  and  the  awakening  of 
the  Far  East.  When  he  went  out  to 
Japan  his  ship  passed  up  from  Java  to 
Shanghai  through  the  Sulu  Sea  and  by 
Manila.  The  Philippine  Islands  were  a 
sealed  land  then,  and  on  a recent  anni- 
versary occasion  Dr.  Thompson  recalled 
remarks  which  had  been  made  on  the  ship 
with  regard  to  the  folly  and  impossibil- 
ity of  ever  attempting  missionary  work 
in  these  islands.  The  Tai  Ping  rebel- 
lion was  spreading  its  chaos  over  Central 
China.  In  Japan  the  Shogunate  was 
21 


still  in  power.  Dr.  Thompson  saw  the 
old  conditions  in  all  these  lands  pass 
away.  He  lived  through  the  whole  of 
the  Meiji  era  in  Japan,  saw  the  Taisho 
era  begin,  and  passed  away  on  the  eve 
of  the  coronation  of  the  new  Emperor. 

When  Dr.  Thompson  came  to  Japan, 
as  he  said,  ‘‘There  was  no  Japanese 
church,  no  Bible  translated,  no  preach- 
ing, no  converts  baptized,  nor  any  pros- 
pects of  any  being  made  soon.  For  the 
published  edicts  against  Christianity 
were  everywhere  displayed  and  the 
people  were  all  hostile,  indifferent  or 
afraid.  The  northern  boundary  of  Japan 
was  indefinite  and  Korea  was  a sealed 
nation.’’  Now  all  that  world  is  passed 
away  and  before  he  died  Dr.  Thompson 
saw  the  ear  and  the  fnll  corn  in  the  ear 
following  the  seed  and  then  the  blade  of 
those  early  days,  which  called  for  stich 
men  of  faith  and  love  as  he,  and  those 
with  whom  he  labored,  that  we  might 
enter  into  their  labors. 


oo 


The  Board  of  Foreign  Missions 
of  the 

T'reshyterian  Church  in  the  TL  S.  A. 
ino  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York 


